第二课：小明和妈妈的对话

toc = I 学习目标( xué xí mù biāo) Learning Objective=


 * To use adjectives to describe personal feelings.
 * To use the verb 想 to ask questions and express personal needs.
 * To compare sentence structure between 还是 and 或者.
 * To learn the sentence structure with 还有 to list items.
 * Present lesson vocabulary.

=II 学习内容（xué xí nèi róng）Content of Study=

1. 词汇学习(cí huì xué xí ) Vocabulary Study
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3. 词语卡片（cí yǔ kǎ piàn）Flashcard and Games
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4. 语法小结 （yǔ fǎ xiǎo jié）Grammar Notes
还是 (háishì) and 或者 (huòzhě)

Both 还是 (háishì) and 或者 (huòzhě) mean “or” and are used to present a choice. However, 还是 is normally used when asking a question, and 或者 is mostly for declarative sentences.

还是 is used to offer choices in a question
[|When asking a question, 还是 can be used to provide choices or options.]

Structure
This grammar pattern is fairly flexible. You can create all kinds of questions with 还是 using the following structure. Subject + Verb + Option A + 还是 + Option B

Examples

 * 你 最 喜欢的 菜 是 中国菜 //还是// 日本菜**?** Is your favorite food Chinese food or Japanese food?
 * 昨天 晚上 你 看 电影了 //还是// 做 作业了**?** Did you watch a movie last night or did you do your homework?
 * 你 喝 茶 //还是// 喝 咖啡 **?** Do you drink tea or coffee?
 * 你 喜欢 在 家 //还是// 出去 玩**?** Do you like to stay in the house or go out to have fun?

或者 is used to give options in declarative sentences
[|或者 is used in declarative sentences in which options are presented.]

Structure
Option 1 + 或者 + Option 2 The structure for 或者 and 还是 is the same, but the meaning, as well as the context in which 或者 is needed, is different. 或者 drops the "A or B, PICK ONE" atttitude in favor of a more open, "maybe A, perhaps B... (or maybe both or neither?)" So it's less exclusive and less demanding of a choice RIGHT NOW.

Examples

 * 明天 //或者// 后天，我 要 和 我 的 朋友 见面. Either tomorrow or the day after, I want to see my friends.
 * 今天 中午 我 吃 三明治 //或者// 汉堡. Today at noon, I will eat a sandwich or a hamburger.

还是 is used for questions that are embedded in sentences
Deciding whether or not to use 还是 becomes difficult with sentences that contain statements like “I don’t know,” “I want to know,” “I’m not sure,” etc. Alone, these statements are not technically questions. However, when used in a sentence that contains choices, these statements imply that a question must be answered. Therefore, you must use 还是.

Examples

 * 我 不 知道 这本书 是 他的 //还是// 我的. I don't know if this book is his or mine.
 * 我 不 知道 我 现在 就 吃饭 //还是// 等 他们 一起 吃饭. I don't know if I should eat now or wait for them and eat together.

Change of state with "le" 了 (le) has a lot of uses. You probably first learned 了 (le) as a [|particle] that tells you [|an action is completed], which is also known as "了1". For example:
 * 我 想 妈妈 //了// . (I didn't before now) I miss my mom.
 * 我听到了. I heard it.

了 (le) can also indicate a //change of state// (了2). In other words, there is now a new situation, or there is about to be a new situation. This whole "change of state" idea can take numerous forms, and this page includes some good general examples. When used in this way, 了(le) is placed at the end of the sentence to mark that the whole statement describes a new situation. [New Situation] + 了

Examples
Some examples:
 * 我饿 //了//. I am hungry now.
 * 我 渴//了//. I am thirsty.
 * 我 饱//了//. I am full.

Structure
[|Result complements] are a huge topic in Chinese grammar, but you can approach them in stages. The structure you come across the most is a verb with 到 (dào): Subject + Verb + 到 + Object What 到 does is indicate that the outcome of the verb is achieved - what its //result// is. Without a result complement, the sentence would describe only the action itself. To illustrate, 看 "to look" is the action of turning one's head in a particular direction and focusing one's eyes, whereas 看到," to see," is the result of your brain taking in the visual input. For example:


 * 你 听 //到// 了 吗？ Did you hear it

Structure
Subject + 没 + Verb + 到/见 + Object As in the last sentence, this structure can be negated using 没.

Examples
= III 影像资料 (yǐng xiàng zī liào)Video =
 * 你 **没** 听 //见// 吗？ Did you hear it?

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